Space utilization patterns for building optimization

ABSTRACT

Occupancy data over time is received for each of several spaces within a building from occupancy sensors that are disposed within each of the spaces. An occupancy value is determined for each of at least some of the several spaces based on the received occupancy data, each occupancy value representative of a percent of time that the respective space was occupied over an identified period of time. The space that had a highest occupancy value over the identified period of time is identified. A utilization value is determined for each of the spaces, wherein the utilization value is representative of a ratio of the occupancy value of the respective space and the highest occupancy value. An operation of the building is changed based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces.

This is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/900,394, filed Jun. 12, 2020, and entitled “SPACE UTILIZATION PATTERNS FOR BUILDING OPTIMIZATION”, which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to buildings. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to identifying space utilization within buildings.

BACKGROUND

Buildings are used for a variety of different purposes, such as but not limited to office space, manufacturing and the like. Buildings typically include a number of different spaces such as rooms, offices, hallways, conference rooms, lunch rooms, and restrooms, among others. It will be appreciated that the relative usage, or occupancy, of the different spaces of the building may vary over time, and may vary depending on the specific building spaces. Some building spaces may be heavily used while other building spaces may be more sparsely used. It will be appreciated that in some cases, spaces that are heavily used may require more maintenance such as cleaning while spaces that are not heavily used may not require as much maintenance. Many buildings have equipment installed within them. As an example, assume a building has a large copier/printer. If a majority of the people utilizing that copier/printer have offices or work spaces that are on an opposite side of the building from the copier/printer, it may make sense to move the copier/printer closer to those people. This is just an example. What would be desirable is an improved way to identify and then manage space utilization within buildings.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure relates generally to managing buildings by tracking their relative usage and occupancy. In one example, a method of operating a building that has a plurality of spaces includes receiving space information from a building information model of the building, the space information defining a plurality of spaces within a building. Occupancy data over time is received for each of two or more of the plurality of spaces within a building from occupancy sensors that are disposed within each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building. An occupancy value is determined for each of at least some of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building based on the received occupancy data, each occupancy value representative of a percent of time that the respective space was occupied over an identified period of time. The one of the plurality of spaces that had a highest occupancy value over the identified period of time is identified. A utilization value is determined for each of at least some of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building, wherein the utilization value is representative of a ratio of the occupancy value of the respective space relative to the highest occupancy value. An operation of the building is changed based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces.

In another example, a method of improving space utilization within a building having a plurality of spaces includes receiving sensor signals from a plurality of occupancy sensors distributed throughout the plurality of spaces over time. The sensor signals are processed to determine an occupancy value for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building. A utilization value is calculated for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building based at least in part upon the occupancy values over an identified period of time. An operation of the building is changed to improve utilization of spaces having a utilization value that is below (or above) a utilization value threshold.

In another example, a method of improving maintenance within a building having a plurality of spaces includes receiving sensor signals from a plurality of occupancy sensors distributed throughout the plurality of spaces, where sensor signals are received from each of the plurality of occupancy sensors over time. The sensor signals are processed to determine an occupancy value for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building. A utilization value is calculated for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building based at least in part upon the occupancy values over an identified period of time. The scheduled maintenance frequency is increased for spaces having a utilization value that is at or above a high utilization value threshold and is decreased for spaces having a utilization value that is below a low utilization value threshold.

The preceding summary is provided to facilitate an understanding of some of the innovative features unique to the present disclosure and is not intended to be a full description. A full appreciation of the disclosure can be gained by taking the entire specification, claims, figures, and abstract as a whole.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The disclosure may be more completely understood in consideration of the following description of various examples in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an illustrative building system;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method of operating a building;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method of improving space utilization within a building;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method of improving maintenance within a building; and

FIG. 5 is a heat map showing an example of occupancy values tracked over time.

While the disclosure is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the disclosure to the particular examples described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

DESCRIPTION

The following description should be read with reference to the drawings, in which like elements in different drawings are numbered in like fashion. The drawings, which are not necessarily to scale, depict examples that are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Although examples are illustrated for the various elements, those skilled in the art will recognize that many of the examples provided have suitable alternatives that may be utilized.

All numbers are herein assumed to be modified by the term “about”, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. The recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5).

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include the plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

It is noted that references in the specification to “an embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “other embodiments”, etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is contemplated that the feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is contemplated that the feature, structure, or characteristic may be applied to other embodiments whether or not explicitly described unless clearly stated to the contrary.

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an illustrative building system 10. In its broadest terms, the illustrative building system 10 includes a building 12 and a computing device 14. The building 12 includes a number of building spaces 16, individually labeled as 16 a, 16 b, 16 c. While a total of three building spaces 16 are illustrated, it will be appreciated that this is merely illustrative, as the building 12 may have any number of distinct building spaces. In many cases, the building 12 may have a large number of building spaces, sometimes distributed over multiple floors or levels of the building 12. Each of the building spaces 16 may represent offices, hallways, conference rooms, lunch rooms, break rooms, manufacturing areas and the like.

In some instances, as shown, each of the building spaces 16 includes a sensor 18 individually labeled as 18 a, 18 b, 18 c. While each of the building spaces 16 is shown as having one sensor 18, in some cases at least some of the building spaces 16 may include two or more sensors 18. The sensors 18 may take any of a variety of different forms. In some cases, at least some of the sensors 18 are occupancy sensors that are configured to determine whether a particular space is currently occupied or not. At least some of the sensors 18 may be motion sensors. If motion is detected, the space is presumed to be occupied. If no motion is detected for a period of time, the space is presumed to not be occupied. Some of the sensors 18 may be microphones, listening for noises that may indicate occupancy. Some noises, such as air moving through an HVAC duct, or a PA system, may be detected but do not indicate occupancy. Other noises, such as a person heard talking within a space, or noises made while the person walks, may be detected and do indicate occupancy. In some cases, occupancy detection can be carried out as described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/224,670 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/224,675, both filed Dec. 18, 2018 and both incorporated hereby by reference.

In some cases, at least some of the sensors 18 may be considered as being part of what is known as a digital ceiling. In some instances, at least some of the sensors 18 may represent smart flooring. Smart flooring is a flooring material such as an entrance mat that includes sensors that can detect a person walking on the entrance mat. Such an entrance mat placed at the entrance of each building space can provide an indication of occupancy. If a person is detected entering a building space, but is not detected leaving that building space, an assumption may be appropriately made that the person is still in that building space, and thus that building space is considered to be occupied.

The sensors 18 are operably coupled with the computing device 14. While shown as being outside of the building 12, this is not required in all cases. Rather, the computing device 14 may be disposed within the building 12. In some cases, the computing device 14 may be remote from the building 12, and may even represent a cloud-based server. The computing device 14 may include a display 20 that may be configured to display information received from at least some of the sensors 18. The computing device 14 may receive information from at least some of the sensors 18 pertaining to occupancy and may generate a heat map that shows relative usage of various building spaces 16 over time.

In some instances, the computing device 14 may utilize the received occupancy data to determine which of the building spaces 16 has been used the most, and may calculate a relative usage for each of the other building spaces 16. In some cases, the computing device 14 may generate and display on the display 20 a heat map that provides a graphical representation of the relative occupancy data. In some instances, the computing device 14 may also display on the heat map an indication of which building spaces 16 are currently occupied. In some cases, the computing device 14 may make recommendations regarding relative maintenance schedules, or even space allocation suggestions, based on the relative occupancy over time.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method 30 of operating a building (such as the building 12) that has a plurality of spaces (such as the building spaces 16). In some cases, at least some of the plurality of spaces include offices, hallways and conference rooms. Space information is received from a building information model (BIM) of the building, the space information defining a plurality of spaces within a building, as indicated at block 32. Occupancy data over time is received for each of two or more of the plurality of spaces within a building from occupancy sensors (such as the sensors 18) that are disposed within each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building, as indicated at block 34. In some cases, the period of time may be selected by a user. The user may, for example, be allowed to select one or more of a start time, an end time and a duration of the identified period of time.

An occupancy value is determined for each of at least some of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building based on the received occupancy data, each occupancy value representative of a percent of time that the respective space was occupied over the identified period of time, as indicated at block 36. In some cases, when a space of the plurality of spaces has two or more occupancy sensors providing the occupancy data for that space, the occupancy data for that space is scaled according to the number of occupancy sensors in that space providing the occupancy data. For example, if a space has three occupancy sensors, the occupancy data from the three sensors may be divided by three for that space so as to be properly comparable to spaces that only have one occupancy sensor.

The one of the plurality of spaces that had a highest occupancy value over the identified period of time is identified, as indicated at block 38. An utilization value for each of at least some of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building is determined, wherein the utilization value is representative of a ratio of the occupancy value of the respective space with respect to the highest occupancy value, as indicated at block 40. In some cases, an operation of the building is changed based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces, as indicated at block 42.

Changing the operation of the building may include, for example, changing an operation of an HVAC system, an access control system and/or a surveillance system that services the building. Changing the operation of the building may include increasing a maintenance schedule for spaces of the building for which the respective utilization value, for example exceeds a threshold. Maintenance may include janitorial cleaning services and/or equipment maintenance for equipment. In some cases, changing the operation of the building may include redirecting occupants of the building toward spaces of the building that have lower utilization values. Changing the operation of the building may include making physical changes in a structure of the building or contents of the building based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces. This may include adding/removing/moving walls and/or adding/removing/moving equipment within the building.

In some cases, the method 30 may further include displaying a heat map showing the determined utilization values for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building, as optionally indicated at block 44. A current indication of occupancy may be displayed for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building on the heat map based on current received occupancy data, as optionally indicated at block 46. In some cases, space labels may be temporarily superimposed over a particular portion of the heat map when a user hovers a pointer icon over the particular portion of the heat map, as optionally indicated at block 48. The space labels may provide additional information about the particular space, such as a space name, utilization value, access to raw occupancy data and/or any other suitable information.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method 50 of improving space utilization within a building (such as the building 12) having a plurality of spaces (such as the building spaces 16). Sensor signals are received from a plurality of occupancy sensors (such as the sensors 18) that are distributed throughout the plurality of spaces over time, as indicated at block 52. The sensor signals are processed to determine an occupancy value for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building, as indicated at block 54. A utilization value is calculated for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building based at least in part upon the occupancy values over an identified period of time, as indicated at block 56. An operation of the building is changed to improve utilization of spaces having a utilization value that is below a utilization value threshold.

Changing the operation of the building, as indicated at block 58, may include redirecting occupants of the building toward spaces of the building that have lower utilization values. In some cases, changing the operation of the building may include moving one or more pieces of equipment from a location that is spaced apart from a number of users of that equipment to a new location in the building that is closer to the number of users of that equipment. In some instances, the user may be allowed to specify the identified period of time, as optionally indicated at block 60. The user may be allowed to specify one or more of a start time, an end time and a duration of the identified period of time, for example, as indicated at block 62.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing an illustrative method 70 of improving maintenance within a building (such as the building 12) having a plurality of spaces (such as the building spaces 16). Sensor signals are received from a plurality of occupancy sensors distributed throughout the plurality of spaces, where sensor signals are received from each of the plurality of occupancy sensors over time, as indicated at block 72. The sensor signals are processed to determine an occupancy value for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building, as indicated at block 74. A utilization value is calculated for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building based at least in part upon the occupancy values over an identified period of time, as indicated at block 76. The scheduled maintenance frequency is increased for spaces having a utilization value that is at or above a high utilization value threshold, as indicated at block 78 and is decreased for spaces having a utilization value that is below a low utilization value threshold, as indicated at block 80.

In some cases, periods of time during which spaces of the plurality of spaces tend to be occupied and periods of time during which the spaces of the plurality of spaces tend to not be occupied may be determined, as optionally indicated at block 82. A scheduled maintenance time may be adjusted based on the determined periods of time during which spaces of the plurality of spaces tend to be occupied and/or periods of time during which the spaces of the plurality of spaces tend to not be occupied, as optionally indicated at block 84. Scheduled maintenance may include janitorial cleaning services and/or equipment maintenance for equipment disposed within at least some of the spaces of the plurality of spaces.

FIG. 5 shows a heat map 90 that may be considered as a graphical representation of relative occupancy data for a building space. While the heat map 90 may be considered as showing a number of building spaces 16 that are arranged together, such as on the same floor or level, it will be appreciated that heat maps may be generated for only a few building spaces 16, or may be generated for a substantial portion of a large building, for example. The heat map 90 includes a title 92, that indicates a particular period. The heat map 90 includes a pull-down history menu 94 by which a user may select how long of a time period is of interest. It can be seen that the user has selected one week of history, as shown on the pull-down history menu 94 as well as by the length of the period of time reflected in the title 92. In some cases, the user is allowed to select one or more of a start time, an end time and a duration of the time period is of interest (e.g. identified period of time).

The illustrative heat map 90 includes a legend 96 that shows a particular shading for any relative occupancy value ranging from 100 percent to 0 percent. It will be appreciated that any building space 16 that reflects a relative occupancy value of 100 percent means that that particular building space 16 has been occupied more frequently than any other building space 16 that is not shown as being at 100 percent. It does not necessarily mean that a particular building space 16 has been continuously occupied for the prescribed period of time (one week, from November 9 to November 16, weekdays at 11:25 am). As an example, assume there are two building spaces. One space is occupied twice, the other space is occupied once. The space occupied twice would have an occupancy value of 100 percent while the space occupied only once would have an occupancy value of 50 percent.

In some cases, allowing the cursor to hover over a particular building space 16 may cause additional information to be displayed on the heat map 90. In some instances, the additional information may be superimposed over the heat map 90 as a label 98. The example label 98 identifies the particular building space (space 1-2380, meaning room 2380 on the first floor) and its relative occupancy value of 94.7 percent. This means that space 1.2380 is one of the more heavily occupied spaces, at least for the period of time in question. In some cases, the label 98 may provide the name of the particular space, such as “kitchen”, or “north conference room”. These are just examples. It is contemplated that the heat map 90 may also include a number of icons 100 are shown on the heat map 90. The icons 100, which as shown are lower case “o's”, indicate that a particular space is currently occupied

Having thus described several illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure, those of skill in the art will readily appreciate that yet other embodiments may be made and used within the scope of the claims hereto attached. It will be understood, however, that this disclosure is, in many respects, only illustrative. Changes may be made in details, particularly in matters of shape, size, arrangement of parts, and exclusion and order of steps, without exceeding the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure's scope is, of course, defined in the language in which the appended claims are expressed. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of using a computing device to operate a building system within a building that has a plurality of spaces, a plurality of occupancy sensors disposed within at least two or more of the plurality of spaces, the method comprising: the computing device receiving occupancy data over time for each of two or more of the plurality of spaces within a building from the occupancy sensors that are disposed within each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building; the computing device determining a most occupied space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces based on the received occupancy data, the most occupied space is the space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces that was occupied for the most time; the computing device determining a utilization value for each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces, wherein the utilization value represent a proportion of time that the respective space was occupied relative to the time that the most occupied space was occupied; and the computing device changing an operation of the building system based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces, wherein the building system comprises one or more of an HVAC system, an access controls system and a surveillance system, and changing the operation of the building system comprises changing an operation of the HVAC system, the access controls system and/or the surveillance system that services the building.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the computing device outputting one or more recommendations based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces, wherein the one or more recommendations include one or more of a recommendation to change a maintenance schedule for a space and/or a maintenance schedule for equipment in the building, a recommendation to change a current space allocation of the building, and a recommendation to make a physical change in a structure of the building and/or a physical change in a placement of one or more pieces of equipment in the building.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein changing the operation of the building system comprises redirecting occupants of the building toward spaces of the building that have lower utilization values.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein when a space of the plurality of spaces has two or more occupancy sensors providing the occupancy data for that space, the computing device scales the occupancy data for that space according to the number of occupancy sensors in that space providing the occupancy data.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the computing device displaying a heat map showing the determined utilization values for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising the computing device displaying a current indication of occupancy for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building on the heat map based on current received occupancy data.
 7. The method of claim 5, further comprising the computing device temporarily superimposing space labels over a particular portion of the heat map when a user hovers a pointer icon over the particular portion of the heat map.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the most occupied space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces is the space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces that was occupied for the most time during an identified period of time, and the utilization value for each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces represents a proportion of time that the respective space was occupied during the identified period of time relative to the time that the most occupied space was occupied during the identified period of time.
 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the computing device allowing a user to specify the identified period of time.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the computing device allowing the user to specify one or more of a start time, an end time and a duration of the identified period of time.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building comprise one or more of a room, an office, a hallway, a conference room, a restroom and a lunch room.
 12. A method of using a computing device to operate a building system within a building that has a plurality of spaces, a plurality of occupancy sensors disposed within at least two or more of the plurality of spaces, the method comprising: the computing device receiving occupancy data over time for each of two or more of the plurality of spaces within a building from the occupancy sensors that are disposed within each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building; the computing device determining a most occupied space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces based on the received occupancy data, the most occupied space is the space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces that was occupied for the most time; the computing device determining a utilization value for each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces, wherein the utilization value represent a proportion of time that the respective space was occupied relative to the time that the most occupied space was occupied; and the computing device displaying a heat map on a display showing the determined utilization values for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising the computing device changing an operation of the building system based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces, wherein the building system comprises one or more of an HVAC system, an access controls system and a surveillance system, and changing the operation of the building system comprises changing an operation of the HVAC system, the access controls system and/or the surveillance system that services the building.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising the computing device displaying a current indication of occupancy for at least some of the plurality of spaces within the building on the heat map based on current received occupancy data.
 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising the computing device outputting one or more recommendations based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces, wherein the one or more recommendations include one or more of a recommendation to change a maintenance schedule for a space and/or a maintenance schedule for equipment in the building, a recommendation to change a current space allocation of the building, and a recommendation to make a physical change in a structure of the building and/or a physical change in a placement of one or more pieces of equipment in the building.
 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising the computing device changing an operation of the building system based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces, wherein changing an operation of the building system comprises redirecting occupants of the building toward spaces of the building that have lower utilization values.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein the most occupied space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces is the space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces that was occupied for the most time during an identified period of time, and the utilization value for each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces represents a proportion of time that the respective space was occupied during the identified period of time relative to the time that the most occupied space was occupied during the identified period of time.
 18. The method of claim 8, further comprising the computing device allowing a user to specify the identified period of time.
 19. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing instructions thereon that when executed by one or more processors causes the one or more processors to: receive occupancy data over time for each of two or more of the plurality of spaces within a building from the occupancy sensors that are disposed within each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces within the building; determine a most occupied space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces based on the received occupancy data, the most occupied space is the space of the two or more of the plurality of spaces that was occupied for the most time; determine a utilization value for each of the two or more of the plurality of spaces, wherein the utilization value represent a proportion of time that the respective space was occupied relative to the time that the most occupied space was occupied; and output one or more recommendations based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces, wherein the one or more recommendations include one or more of a recommendation to change a maintenance schedule for a space and/or a maintenance schedule for equipment in the building, a recommendation to change a current space allocation of the building, and a recommendation to make a physical change in a structure of the building and/or a physical change in a placement of one or more pieces of equipment in the building.
 20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19, wherein the instructions when executed cause the one or more processors to change an operation of the building system based at least in part on the utilization value of at least one of the plurality of spaces, wherein the building system comprises one or more of an HVAC system, an access controls system and a surveillance system, and changing the operation of the building system comprises changing an operation of the HVAC system, the access controls system and/or the surveillance system that services the building. 